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Related Concept Videos

The Fossil Record02:56

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...
Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a pivotal role in the...
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Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
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Phylogeny

Phylogeny is concerned with the evolutionary diversification of organisms or groups of organisms. A group of organisms with a name is called a taxon (singular). Taxa (plural) can span different levels of the evolutionary hierarchy. For instance, the group containing all birds is a taxon (comprising the class Aves), and the group of all species of daisies (the genus Bellis) is a taxon. Phylogenies can likewise include just one genus (i.e., depict species relationships) or span an entire...
Diversity of Archaea III01:27

Diversity of Archaea III

Crenarchaeota, a prominent phylum of Archaea, is remarkable for its ability to thrive in extreme environments characterized by high temperatures and acidity. These microorganisms inhabit sulfuric hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents, where temperatures often exceed 100°C. The unique adaptations of Crenarchaeota not only allow survival under such extreme conditions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of life in primordial Earth-like environments.Morphological...

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A crested theropod dinosaur from antarctica.

W R Hammer, W J Hickerson

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |May 6, 1994
    PubMed
    Summary

    Early Jurassic Antarctic fossils reveal Cryolophosaurus ellioti, a new crested theropod. This discovery, alongside other vertebrates, suggests a mild climate in Gondwana during this period.

    Area of Science:

    • Paleontology
    • Vertebrate Paleontology
    • Gondwana Paleobiogeography

    Background:

    • The Falla Formation in the Central Transantarctic Mountains is a key site for understanding Antarctic Jurassic ecosystems.
    • Previous discoveries have hinted at the presence of diverse vertebrate life in this region.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe new fossil vertebrate discoveries from the Falla Formation.
    • To reconstruct the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate of Early Jurassic Antarctica.

    Main Methods:

    • Excavation and collection of fossilized vertebrate remains.
    • Morphological analysis and taxonomic identification of recovered specimens.
    • Paleoenvironmental interpretation based on faunal composition.

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    Main Results:

    • Discovery of Cryolophosaurus ellioti, a new genus and species of crested theropod dinosaur.
    • Identification of other vertebrate fossils including prosauropods, scavenging theropods, pterosaurs, and tritylodonts.
    • The faunal assemblage indicates a mild climate at high paleolatitudes.

    Conclusions:

    • Cryolophosaurus ellioti exhibits a mosaic of primitive ceratosaurian and derived tetanuran features.
    • The diverse vertebrate fauna suggests a previously unrecognized level of biodiversity in Early Jurassic Gondwana.
    • The findings support the hypothesis of a temperate climate in Antarctica during the Early Jurassic, facilitating faunal exchange.