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Displacement Current01:19

Displacement Current

Ampère's law, in its usual form, does not work in places where the current changes with time and is not steady. Thus, Maxwell suggested including an additional contribution, called the displacement current, Id, to the real conduction current I.
Tidal Forces01:06

Tidal Forces

The origin of Earth's ocean tides has been a subject of continuous investigation for over 2000 years. However, the work of Newton is considered to be the beginning of the proper understanding of the phenomenon. Ocean tides are the result of gravitational tidal forces. These same tidal forces are present in any astronomical body; they are responsible for the internal heat that creates the volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter's moons, and the breakup of stars that get too close to black holes.
Position and Displacement01:31

Position and Displacement

The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary set of axes from which the position and motion of an object are described. Earth is often used as a frame of reference, and we often describe the position of an object as it relates to stationary objects on Earth. For example, a rocket launch could be described in terms of the position of the rocket with respect to Earth as a whole. On the other...
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Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
06:55

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Published on: August 5, 2016

Tectonic movement in the chile trench.

C R Lister

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 20, 1971
    PubMed
    Summary

    Oceanic lithosphere failure in shear, not bending, explains Chile Trench features. Acoustic data reveal transitional trench morphology and evidence of lithospheric faulting.

    Area of Science:

    • Geophysics
    • Tectonics
    • Marine Geology

    Background:

    • The Chile Trench exhibits diverse morphologies, transitioning from sediment-filled (Type I) to V-notched (Type II).
    • Understanding the underlying tectonic processes is crucial for seismic hazard assessment and plate boundary dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the tectonic processes responsible for the observed trench morphology off Valparaiso using acoustic reflection profiling.
    • To determine if lithospheric failure occurs via shear or bending and underthrusting.

    Main Methods:

    • Acoustic reflection profiling was employed to image subsurface structures and sediment distribution.
    • Analysis of seafloor and sub-seafloor reflectors, including faulting patterns, was conducted.

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    Last Updated: Jul 12, 2026

    Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
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    Main Results:

    • Substantial, non-flat-lying sediment accumulation was observed on the trench floor.
    • Features such as a sharp seaward slope break, downbowed reflectors, and a landward normal fault indicate lithospheric shear failure.
    • The morphology is transitional between Type I and Type II trenches.

    Conclusions:

    • The observed features strongly suggest that the oceanic lithosphere is failing in shear.
    • Shear failure provides a more consistent explanation for trench and Benioff zone characteristics than bending and underthrusting models.