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Related Concept Videos

Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells
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Dedicated epithelial recipient cells determine pigmentation patterns.

Lorin Weiner1, Rong Han, Bianca M Scicchitano

  • 1Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.

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|September 7, 2007
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian fur patterns arise from pigment-receiving skin cells, not just pigment cells. The transcription factor Foxn1 activates these recipients, guiding pigment placement and potentially driving the evolution of animal coloration.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Mammalian Pigmentation

Background:

  • Mammals produce external coloration using pigment cells, but the mechanisms controlling pattern formation are poorly understood.
  • Existing knowledge focuses on pigment-producing cells, neglecting other cellular roles in pattern development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian coat pattern formation.
  • To identify key genes and cellular interactions involved in instructing pigment cell placement and melanin transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized mouse models to investigate the cellular basis of pigmentation patterns.
  • Identified transcription factors and growth factors involved in the 'pigment recipient phenotype'.
  • Examined the role of Foxn1 and its target Fgf2 in recruiting and instructing melanocytes.

Main Results:

  • Discovered that pigment patterns originate from specialized 'pigment-receiving' epithelial cells.
  • Identified Foxn1 as a key regulator activating the pigment recipient phenotype.
  • Showed that Fgf2, released by recipients, influences melanocyte behavior and that altering recipient distribution changes pigmentation patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Pigment-receiving cells act as a cutaneous template, directing melanocyte positioning and melanin deposition.
  • The Foxn1 pathway is crucial for establishing this template and coordinating epithelial development with pigmentation.
  • This mechanism provides insight into the evolution of diverse mammalian coat coloration.