The unbearable obscurity of being

This cross-disciplinary study attempts to investigate the Being-question: what is the ultimate ground of everything there is? Psychotic solutions to this problem are compared with Kundera's literary approach (On the Unbearable Lightness of Being), and with famous metaphysical solutions. Special attention is given to Heidegger's attempt to grapple with this question, as exemplified in his four- (in the English translation) volume study of Nietzsche--who regarded Being as "a vapor and a fallacy." Psychoanalytic conceptions of the origin of the sense of Being in the mother-infant interaction, and in the ego's ongoing awareness of itself are examined, especially since in psychoses, borderline disorders, and other narcissistic disorders the sense of Being and the ego's experience of itself often are defective. Genetic and dynamic psychoanalytic considerations also clarify the historical preoccupation with the Being-question. It is concluded that only through consensual validation can psychotic solutions be distinguished form solutions having a general sense of validity. The methodology for exploring the validity of answers to the Being-question is contrasted with scientific method, and the necessity for clear exposition--limited by the inevitable boundaries of one's culture and language--is emphasized; for only through a historical process of dialectic can there be hope of eventual consensual validation on solutions to the problem.