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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects01:20

Radical Reactivity: Concentration Effects

In a radical reaction, the concentration of starting materials governs the selectivity of a radical. For example, the reaction between an alkyl halide and an alkene, in the presence of tin hydride and AIBN, begins with the generation of a tin radical. The generated radical then abstracts halogen from the alkyl halide, producing an alkyl radical. This alkyl radical can either react with tin hydride, yielding an alkane, or add to an alkene, generating a nitrile-stabilized radical, eventually...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Radical Formation: Addition00:47

Radical Formation: Addition

Radicals can be formed by adding a radical to a spin-paired molecule. This is typically observed with unsaturated species, where the addition of a radical across the π bond leads to the production of a new radical by dissolving the π bond. For example, the addition of a Br radical to an alkene yields a carbon-centered radical.
Similar to charge conservation in chemical reactions, spin conservation is implicit for radical reactions. Accordingly, the product formed must possess an unpaired...
Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Effect on free radical generation with different anaesthesia.

Jaishri Bogra1, R Gangoo, V C Pandey

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow 226003.

Journal of the Indian Medical Association
|September 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study compared oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses across different anesthesia types. Spinal anesthesia showed the highest oxidative stress, indicating a need to assess patient antioxidant status before anesthesia.

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

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09:36

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Anesthesiology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are integral to normal physiology but dysregulated in disease.
  • Anesthesia administration can impact ROS formation and oxidative stress levels.
  • Understanding these impacts is crucial for patient safety during surgical procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comparatively evaluate oxidative stress and antioxidant defense markers in patients undergoing different types of anesthesia.
  • To assess the impact of halothane, vecuronium, and spinal anesthesia on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities.
  • To determine the safest anesthetic approach concerning oxidative stress markers.

Main Methods:

  • Blood samples were collected from 45 patients, divided into three groups (n=15 each).
  • Groups received either halothane, relaxant vecuronium, or spinal anesthesia with 5% heavy lignocaine.
  • Oxidative stress (malonyl dialdehyde) and antioxidant markers (superoxide dismutase, catalase) were measured.

Main Results:

  • Spinal anesthesia group exhibited the highest increase in malonyl dialdehyde (lipid peroxidation).
  • Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were most significantly decreased in the spinal anesthesia group.
  • Halothane anesthesia showed a moderate increase in oxidative stress and decrease in antioxidant markers, while vecuronium showed the least impact.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal anesthesia poses the highest risk of oxidative stress among the studied anesthetic types.
  • Pre-operative assessment of antioxidant status is recommended for patients receiving anesthesia.
  • Considering patient antioxidant status may lead to safer anesthetic practices and improved patient outcomes.