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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Nose and Nasal Cavity

Nose and Nasal Cavity

The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...

Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection

Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection

Published on: May 23, 2025

Olfactory colloid cyst.

George A Alexiou¹, Andreas Zigouris, Dimitrios Pahaturidis

¹Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. alexiougrg@yahoo.gr

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery

|September 11, 2007

Summary

This case report details an olfactory groove colloid cyst, a rare brain lesion. Despite its benign nature, it presented aggressively, eroding dura and risking cerebrospinal fluid leak.

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The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

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Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

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The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

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Published on: October 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Neurology
Neurosurgery
Radiology

Background:

Colloid cysts are rare, typically intraventricular, brain lesions.
Extraventricular colloid cysts are exceptionally rare, with none previously reported in the olfactory groove.

Observation:

A 74-year-old patient presented with an incidentally discovered olfactory groove lesion on CT scan.
MRI revealed a hyperintense lesion on T1, T2, and FLAIR sequences without edema.
99mTc-Tetrofosmin SPECT showed no tracer uptake, suggesting a benign process.

Findings:

A colloid cyst was surgically excised from the olfactory groove.
The cyst eroded the dura, posing a risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak.
Histopathology confirmed the lesion as a colloid cyst.

Implications:

Colloid cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of anterior fossa lesions.
Even benign colloid cysts can present aggressively, causing dural erosion and CSF leak.
This case highlights the importance of considering rare locations for common pathologies.