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Related Concept Videos

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

When to close a patent foramen ovale.

D Kenny1, M Turner, R Martin

  • 1Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children and Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, UK.

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|September 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Transcatheter closure for patent foramen ovale is common in adults but rare in children. This review questions if children should also undergo this procedure more often due to similar risks.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Interventional Cardiology

Background:

  • Patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure is a frequent interventional procedure in adult congenital heart disease units.
  • PFO prevalence is similar in pediatric populations.
  • Children with PFO are susceptible to defect-related morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current practice of patent foramen ovale closure in pediatric patients.
  • To evaluate the rationale for the disparity in PFO closure rates between adults and children.
  • To question whether current guidelines on PFO closure in children should be reconsidered.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on patent foramen ovale closure in adults and children.
  • Analysis of data on PFO prevalence and associated morbidities in pediatric populations.

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  • Discussion of the benefits and risks of transcatheter PFO closure in pediatric patients.

    • Main Results:

    • Transcatheter closure of PFO is the most common interventional procedure in adult congenital heart disease units.
    • Despite similar prevalence, PFO closure is rarely performed in children.
    • Children with PFO face similar risks of morbidity as adults.

    Conclusions:

    • There is a significant discrepancy in the application of transcatheter PFO closure between adult and pediatric populations.
    • The similar susceptibility to morbidity suggests a potential underutilization of PFO closure in children.
    • Further evaluation is warranted to determine if PFO closure should be more frequently considered in pediatric patients.