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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws of electricity and...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves II01:29

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between electric and magnetic fields with the help of Faraday's law.
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
11:08

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Liquid-core waveguide in CE.

Tetsuo Okada1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan. tokada@chem.titech.ac.jp

Electrophoresis
|September 11, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Liquid-core waveguide (LCW) enhances capillary electrophoresis (CE) sensitivity and offers versatile detection. This review explores LCW

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Separation Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique.
  • Traditional detection methods in CE have limitations in sensitivity and versatility.
  • Liquid-core waveguides (LCW) offer a novel approach to enhance CE detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental and practical aspects of using liquid-core waveguides (LCW) in capillary electrophoresis (CE).
  • To highlight the advantages of LCW in CE, focusing on sensitivity improvements and versatile detection schemes.
  • To discuss the potential and future perspectives of LCW in CE based on current advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and experimental data on LCW applications in CE.

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Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy

Published on: May 12, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
11:08

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor
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Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Published on: August 30, 2012

Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy
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  • Analysis of instrumental arrangements and detection schemes utilizing LCW.
  • Comparison of LCW-based detection with conventional crossbeam detection methods.

    • Main Results:

    • LCW significantly improves sensitivity in absorption and fluorescence detection by over an order of magnitude.
    • Enhanced sensitivity is attributed to longer light paths (absorption) and reduced light scattering (fluorescence).
    • LCW enables versatile instrumental setups, including whole-capillary imaging and multicapillary monitoring.

    Conclusions:

    • Liquid-core waveguides offer substantial improvements in sensitivity and detection versatility for capillary electrophoresis.
    • LCW technology presents significant potential for advancing CE applications in various analytical fields.
    • Further development of LCW in CE promises novel analytical capabilities and enhanced performance.