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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy between bonds broken and bonds...
Noble Gases02:54

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.
Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium01:25

Microbial Bioremediation of Uranium

Microorganisms play a critical role in the transformation and immobilization of uranium in contaminated environments through four main pathways: bioreduction, biosorption, bioaccumulation, and biomineralization. These mechanisms reduce uranium’s toxicity and prevent its migration through groundwater systems, offering sustainable approaches for in situ bioremediation.Bioreduction of UraniumBioreduction is driven by anaerobic bacteria such as certain strains of Geobacter and Shewanella, which use...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation04:01

Real Gases: Effects of Intermolecular Forces and Molecular Volume Deriving Van der Waals Equation

Thus far, the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, has been applied to a variety of different types of problems, ranging from reaction stoichiometry and empirical and molecular formula problems to determining the density and molar mass of a gas. However, the behavior of a gas is often non-ideal, meaning that the observed relationships between its pressure, volume, and temperature are not accurately described by the gas laws.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides
08:43

Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

Published on: May 20, 2019

Helium on venus: implications for uranium and thorium.

M J Prather, M B McElroy

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 22, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary

    The solar wind removes helium from Venus's atmosphere at a high rate after ionization. Similar surface sources for helium-4 on Venus and Earth suggest comparable crustal uranium and thorium levels.

    Area of Science:

    • Planetary Science
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Plasma Physics

    Background:

    • Venus's atmosphere experiences continuous interaction with the solar wind.
    • Helium, a noble gas, is present in planetary atmospheres and can be lost to space.
    • Understanding atmospheric escape mechanisms is crucial for planetary evolution studies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the rate of helium removal from Venus's atmosphere by solar wind interaction.
    • To compare the surface sources of helium on Venus with those on Earth.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of atmospheric escape processes.
    • Modeling of solar wind-atmosphere interactions above the plasmapause.

    Main Results:

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    Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

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    Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

    Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides
    08:43

    Separation of Uranium and Thorium for 230Th-U Dating of Submarine Hydrothermal Sulfides

    Published on: May 20, 2019

    Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
    14:22

    Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

    Published on: April 11, 2014

    Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh
    10:42

    Preparing an Isotopically Pure 229Th Ion Beam for Studies of 229mTh

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  • Helium is removed from Venus's atmosphere at an average rate of 10^6 atoms/cm^2/s.
  • This removal occurs after ionization by the solar wind above the plasmapause.
  • The surface source of helium-4 on Venus appears similar to that of Earth.

    • Conclusions:

    • Solar wind interaction is a significant factor in Venus's atmospheric helium loss.
    • The similarity in helium-4 surface sources suggests comparable abundances of radioactive elements like uranium and thorium in the crusts of Venus and Earth.