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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Power02:36

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
Nuclear fuel consists of a fissile isotope, such as uranium-235, which must be present in sufficient quantity to provide a...
Control of Power Flow01:30

Control of Power Flow

There are several methods to control power flow in power systems:
Multiple Pipe Systems01:21

Multiple Pipe Systems

Multipipe systems consist of complex configurations of interconnected pipes designed to transport fluids efficiently across intricate networks. They are essential in engineering applications requiring precise control over flow distribution, pressure, and head loss. They are categorized into series, parallel, loop, and network configurations, each distinguished by unique flow characteristics and applications.
Series Configuration
In a series configuration, fluid flows sequentially from one pipe...
Turbine-Governor Control01:17

Turbine-Governor Control

Turbine-governor control is crucial for maintaining power system stability by balancing turbine mechanical power output with electrical load demand. This mechanism ensures that generator frequency and rotor speed are within acceptable limits during load variations. Turbine-generator units store kinetic energy due to their rotating masses; this energy is released to meet the load requirement when the load increases. The electrical torque of turbines rises to meet the demand, whereas the...
Refrigerators and Heat Pumps01:07

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, whereas, for a heat pump, the focus is on dumping heat into one particular area. A refrigerator (or heat pump) absorbs heat Qc from the cold reservoir at Kelvin temperature Tc and discards heat Qh to the hot reservoir at Kelvin temperature Th, while work W is done on the engine’s working substance.
A household refrigerator removes heat from the...
Load-frequency control01:28

Load-frequency control

Load-frequency control (LFC) is vital for maintaining power system stability, ensuring that frequency and power flows remain within acceptable limits during load changes. Turbine-governor control eliminates rotor accelerations and decelerations following load changes. However, a steady-state frequency error persists when the change in the turbine-governor reference setting is zero. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation
08:17

Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation

Published on: August 14, 2020

Power plant cooling systems: policy alternatives.

J Z Reynolds

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 25, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary

    Cooling towers pose greater environmental risks than once-through systems. When feasible and safe for aquatic life, once-through cooling or reservoirs are preferable for power plant water management.

    Area of Science:

    • Environmental Science
    • Water Resource Management
    • Ecological Risk Assessment

    Background:

    • The 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments encourage closed-cycle cooling systems in power plants.
    • This has led to increased consideration of cooling towers over traditional once-through systems.
    • Understanding the environmental implications of different cooling technologies is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess and compare the environmental risks of cooling towers versus once-through cooling systems and cooling reservoirs.
    • To evaluate the long-term impacts and irreversibility of adverse effects.
    • To inform policy and decision-making regarding power plant cooling technologies.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative risk assessment of cooling system designs.

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  • Analysis of environmental impacts, including scale, certainty, and reversibility.
  • Consideration of cost-effectiveness and resource management principles.

    • Main Results:

    • Cooling towers generally present more certain, larger-scale, and irreversible environmental effects.
    • Adverse impacts from once-through cooling and cooling reservoirs are often manageable through resource management.
    • Cooling towers are typically associated with higher costs.

    Conclusions:

    • Once-through cooling systems or cooling reservoirs are preferable when technically feasible and aquatic ecosystems are at minimal risk.
    • Environmental considerations and cost-effectiveness favor once-through systems or reservoirs over cooling towers.
    • Policy should support the use of once-through cooling where environmental risks are low.