Collaboration between the innate immune receptors dectin-1, TLRs, and Nods

Microbes are complex and present a wide variety of structures that phagocytes may recognize using innate immune receptors. Recognition triggers anti-microbial killing mechanisms and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate host defense. As a general rule, no single receptor is likely to be the sole mediator of activation of protective immune responses. Recent studies highlight the importance of collaboration between Toll-like receptors, the nucleotide oligomerization domain (Nod) proteins, and dectin-1 in regulating inflammatory responses. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of cross-talk and synergy between these receptors provide a framework in which to understand the importance of having multiple receptors recognize individual microbes.