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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

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Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Long-lasting subclinical Addison's disease.

S Torrejón1, S M Webb, J Rodríguez-Espinosa

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain. storrejon@gmail.com

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [And] German Diabetes Association
|September 14, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune adrenal disease can present with isolated hyperpigmentation and elevated ACTH for years before diagnosis. This case highlights the extended preclinical phase of autoimmune adrenal conditions.

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Published on: April 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Autoimmunology

Background:

  • Autoimmune adrenal disease is a rare condition.
  • Early diagnosis is crucial for management.

Observation:

  • A 49-year-old woman presented with hyperpigmentation and elevated ACTH.
  • She had a history of autoimmune hypothyroidism.

Findings:

  • High levels of ACTH and 21-hydroxylase antibodies were detected.
  • Thyroid peroxidase and parietal cell antibodies were positive at low titers.
  • Other endocrine function tests were within normal limits.

Implications:

  • Autoimmune adrenal disease may have a prolonged preclinical stage.
  • Elevated ACTH and specific autoantibodies can precede overt adrenal insufficiency.
  • This underscores the importance of considering autoimmune adrenal disease in patients with unexplained hyperpigmentation and elevated ACTH.