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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

In Vitro Culture of Epithelial Cells from Different Anatomical Regions of the Human Amniotic Membrane
Published on: November 28, 2019
Epithelial and muscular regionalization of the human developing anorectum
Helga Fritsch1, Felix Aigner, Barbara Ludwikowski
1Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Division of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria. helga.fritsch@i-med.ac.at
Abstract:
In the past, interpretations of anorectal development were mainly based on analysis of serially sectioned embryos of various nonhuman species as well as some human specimens. A four-dimensional view of the developmental situation in the human has never been established nor connected to recent findings obtained from newer molecular techniques. We, therefore, investigated human embryonic and fetal pelves by means of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to elucidate differentiation and interaction of epithelial and mesenchymal layers of the anorectum. To emphasize spatial as well as sequential morphological development, we produced three-dimensional reconstructions of the specimens at hand. Research conducted proved that the decisive steps of epithelial and muscular differentiation occur between the 7th and 9th week after conception. This study elucidates a biphasic epithelial "closure" in the anal canal and interactions between epithelium, smooth musculature, and skeletal musculature. Based on the results presented here, it is possible to describe the pathogenesis of two anorectal malformations: the imperforate anal membrane and the anal membrane stenosis. This study will now provide the basis for further research into developmental processes occurring before the ones examined.
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