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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

B-cell self-tolerance in humans.

Hedda Wardemann1, Michel C Nussenzweig

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Campus Charite Mitte, Schumannstrasse 21/22, D-10117 Berlin, Germany.

Advances in Immunology
|September 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human antibody repertoire is generated by V(D)J recombination and somatic mutation, crucial for immune protection but can lead to autoimmunity. This study reviews self-reactive B cells in healthy individuals and autoimmune patients.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

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Published on: November 21, 2014

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14:29

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

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05:47

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Published on: August 19, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The human antibody repertoire is generated through V(D)J recombination and somatic mutation.
  • These processes create diversity essential for immune protection but can also produce autoantibodies.
  • Defects in B-cell self-tolerance are linked to autoimmune diseases, though specific defects remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on the self-reactive B-cell repertoire.
  • To compare the self-reactive B-cell repertoire in healthy humans versus patients with autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent data on B-cell development and self-tolerance.
  • Analysis of the self-reactive B-cell repertoire in healthy and autoimmune cohorts.

Main Results:

  • V(D)J recombination and somatic mutation are key to antibody diversity and immune defense.
  • Mechanisms exist to regulate self-reactive B cells and prevent autoimmunity.
  • Abnormalities in B-cell self-tolerance contribute to autoimmune diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the self-reactive B-cell repertoire is crucial for comprehending autoimmunity.
  • Further research is needed to define the precise defects in B-cell self-tolerance in autoimmune diseases.