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Related Concept Videos

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)01:06

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

C(n)(2) profile measurement from Shack-Hartmann data.

Nicolas Védrenne1, Vincent Michau, Clélia Robert

  • 1Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, BP 72, 92322, Châtillon, France. nicolas.vedrenne@onera.fr

Optics Letters
|September 18, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method for monitoring atmospheric turbulence profiles by combining wavefront slope and scintillation data. This integrated approach, using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, offers improved accuracy in turbulence measurements.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)
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Measuring Interactions of Globular and Filamentous Proteins by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST)

Published on: November 2, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Astronomy
  • Atmospheric Physics
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Atmospheric turbulence monitoring is crucial for astronomical observations and optical systems.
  • Current methods, like wavefront slope or scintillation correlations, capture complementary aspects of turbulence.
  • Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (SHWFS) traditionally measure only wavefront slopes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for retrieving the atmospheric refractive index structure constant, C(n)(2), profile.
  • To leverage both wavefront slope and scintillation data simultaneously for enhanced turbulence profiling.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of using a SHWFS for simultaneous slope and scintillation measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting complementary correlations between wavefront slopes and scintillation patterns.
  • Utilizing a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) to record both wavefront slopes and subaperture intensities (scintillation).
  • Introducing two measurement strategies: CO-SLIDAR (Coupled SLODAR SCIDAR) using two stars and SCO-SLIDAR (Single CO-SLIDAR) using a single star.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the theoretical possibility of correlating SHWFS slope and scintillation data.
  • Presented results of C(n)(2) profile estimations from simulated SHWFS data.
  • Validated the potential of the proposed methods for atmospheric turbulence profiling.

Conclusions:

  • Combining wavefront slope and scintillation measurements offers a more comprehensive approach to C(n)(2) profiling.
  • A single Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor can be adapted to capture both types of data.
  • The proposed CO-SLIDAR and SCO-SLIDAR methods show promise for improved atmospheric turbulence monitoring.