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Related Concept Videos

Major Losses in Pipes01:28

Major Losses in Pipes

When a fluid flows through a pipe, it experiences energy losses due to frictional resistance along the pipe walls, known as major losses. These energy losses result in a pressure drop, which varies based on the flow conditions — whether laminar or turbulent — and the specific physical properties of the fluid and pipe.
Fluid flow can be classified as laminar or turbulent, primarily based on the Reynolds number. This dimensionless number reflects the relative influence of inertial to viscous...
Flow Cytometry01:23

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Pipe Flowrate Measurement

In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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Dimensional Analysis01:27

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis is a valuable technique in fluid mechanics for simplifying complex problems by reducing them into dimensionless groups. These groups capture the essential relationships between the variables involved, allowing researchers and engineers to analyze fluid flow without dealing with each variable individually. This approach reduces the number of independent variables, allowing for easier analysis and better understanding of physical phenomena.
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Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions01:22

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Fluid flow analysis is critical in many scientific and engineering disciplines, and two principal approaches are used to describe this flow: the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. These methods offer different perspectives on monitoring and analyzing the motion of fluids, each with distinct advantages depending on the scenario.
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Extraction: Partition and Distribution Coefficients01:14

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The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
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Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Sizing of Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension
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Published on: September 11, 2020

Precision in differential field-flow fractionation: a chemometric study.

Letizia Bregola1, Catia Contado, Michel Martin

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Ferrara, Italy.

Journal of Separation Science
|September 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Differential field-flow fractionation (FFF) quantifies adsorbed mass on colloidal particles. Experimental retention time errors are the primary source of inaccuracy, impacting detection limits for adsorbed mass.

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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
08:01

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Published on: May 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Colloid Science
  • Separation Science

Background:

  • Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a powerful separation technique for macromolecules and particles.
  • Quantifying adsorbed mass on colloidal species is crucial for understanding surface interactions and modifications.
  • Previous methods lacked precise determination of small adsorbed quantities and error analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate differential field-flow fractionation (dFFF) for determining incremental adsorbed mass on colloidal particles.
  • To identify and quantify sources of error in dFFF measurements, particularly those affecting adsorbed mass determination.
  • To establish detection limits and confidence intervals for adsorbed mass uptake.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two independent FFF measurements: one for bare polystyrene (PS) particles and one for IgG-modified PS particles.
  • Analyzed errors arising from retention time determination and operating parameter fluctuations.
  • Compared experimental precision with theoretically computed error contributions.

Main Results:

  • Experimental measurement of retention times was identified as the dominant source of error in adsorbed mass determination.
  • Developed explicit expressions for detection limits and confidence intervals of adsorbed mass uptake.
  • Observed a dependence of detection and confidence limits on the square root of injected concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Differential FFF is capable of determining small incremental quantities of adsorbed mass on colloidal species.
  • Minimizing errors in retention time measurements is critical for improving the accuracy of adsorbed mass quantification.
  • The study provides a framework for predicting and understanding the precision of adsorbed mass measurements using dFFF.