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Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

Conditions on Early Earth

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory

Published on: November 15, 2013

40Ar retention in the terrestrial planets.

E Bruce Watson¹, Jay B Thomas, Daniele J Cherniak

¹Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA. watsoe@rpi.edu

|September 21, 2007

Summary

Planetary degassing models face challenges as new data show argon is retained in Earth's mantle. This suggests magmatic processes may not be the primary mechanism for releasing gases like 40Ar into the atmosphere.

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Published on: June 13, 2015

Area of Science:

Geochemistry
Planetary Science
Geophysics

Background:

The solid Earth is thought to have lost primordial gases via early catastrophic release and ongoing geological processes.
Atmospheric 40Ar abundance is traditionally used to estimate time-integrated gas loss from the planet's interior.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the suitability of magmatic degassing as the sole mechanism for releasing 40Ar.
To challenge the prevailing view of a degassed upper mantle regarding 40Ar.

Main Methods:

Analysis of argon behavior in major terrestrial planet phases.
Assessment of argon diffusion rates under upper-mantle conditions.

Main Results:

Argon exhibits compatibility within major planetary mineral phases.
Argon diffusion is slow under typical upper-mantle temperatures and pressures.
These findings contradict the assumption of efficient magmatic degassing of 40Ar.

Conclusions:

The simple magmatic degassing model for 40Ar release is insufficient.
Argon's behavior challenges its use as a sole monitor for planetary degassing.
Alternative mechanisms, such as oceanic lithosphere hydration, are proposed for argon release.