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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe
06:04

Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe

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Oligoastrocytoma presenting with intractable epilepsy.

Girish K Hiremath1, William E Bingaman, Richard A Prayson

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA. hiremag@ccf.org

Epileptic Disorders : International Epilepsy Journal with Videotape
|September 22, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Oligoastrocytomas (OA) are rare in intractable epilepsy but surgery offers excellent seizure freedom. These low-grade tumors typically require years of treatment before resection, with minimal recurrence risk.

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Frontal Disconnection for Treating Mild Malformation of Cortical Development with Oligodendroglial Hyperplasia in Epilepsy (MOGHE) in the Frontal Lobe
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Published on: December 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Oligoastrocytomas (OA) are mixed gliomas with both oligodendroglial and astrocytic components.
  • Limited data exists on OA in patients with intractable epilepsy.

Observation:

  • A retrospective review of 923 epilepsy surgery patients identified 6 cases of OA (0.7%).
  • Patients had a median age of 25, with tumors predominantly on the left temporal lobe.
  • Refractory epilepsy averaged 10.5 years, with a median of 2 antiepileptic drugs used.

Findings:

  • Five of six OA patients had low-grade (WHO II) tumors; one had anaplastic OA.
  • No surgical complications or tumor recurrence were observed at a mean follow-up of 3.2 years.
  • Five out of six patients achieved excellent seizure freedom post-surgery.

Implications:

  • OA in intractable epilepsy patients exhibit an indolent course, similar to other epilepsy-associated tumors.
  • Surgical resection provides excellent seizure control with a low risk of recurrence.
  • Serial imaging is sufficient for follow-up of these low-grade tumors.