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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

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Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells
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Acute bacterial meningitis in Nepal.

Kiran Babu Tiwari1, Basista Rijal, Prakash Ghimire

  • 1Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. babukiran@hotmail.com

Nepal Medical College Journal : NMCJ
|September 29, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial meningitis affected 8.3% of suspected cases in Nepal. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common cause, and Imipenem showed the highest effectiveness against bacterial meningitis pathogens.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Bacterial meningitis remains a significant global health concern, particularly in developing regions.
  • Understanding local etiological patterns and antibiotic resistance is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of bacterial meningitis in suspected cases at a tertiary care hospital in Nepal.
  • To identify the primary causative bacterial agents and analyze their antibiotic sensitivity profiles.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving 448 suspected cases of meningitis.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid samples were analyzed for bacterial culture and sensitivity testing.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to assess associations with demographic factors.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of acute bacterial meningitis was 8.3%.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.3%) was the most frequent pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (16.2% each).
  • Imipenem demonstrated the highest overall effectiveness, though resistance was noted in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter spp.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial meningitis is a notable issue in the studied Nepalese population.
  • The etiological spectrum is diverse, with Gram-negative bacteria being predominant.
  • Antibiotic stewardship is essential, considering emerging resistance patterns, even to effective drugs like Imipenem.