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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Wide angle crystal spectrometer for angularly and spectrally resolved X-ray scattering experiments.

E García Saiz1, F Y Khattak, G Gregori

  • 1School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom. egarciasaiz01@qub.ac.uk

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|October 2, 2007
PubMed
Summary

A new wide angle spectrometer uses a graphite crystal and image plate to capture scattered X-ray energy spectra from dense plasmas. This allows observation of temporal changes in laser-shocked foil scattering cross-sections.

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Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution
12:53

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Published on: January 8, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • X-ray Spectroscopy
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dense plasmas are crucial in various scientific fields.
  • Understanding X-ray scattering dynamics in plasmas is essential for diagnostics.
  • Previous methods lacked the capability for wide-angle, time-resolved X-ray scattering measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and implement a novel wide-angle spectrometer for dense plasma diagnostics.
  • To measure the energy-resolved spectrum of scattered X-rays over a wide angular range.
  • To observe the temporal evolution of angular scatter cross-sections in laser-shocked foils.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a spectrometer utilizing a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite crystal coupled to an image plate.
  • Acquisition of energy-resolved X-ray scattering spectra.
  • Single-shot, wide-angle (approx. 30 degrees) measurements.
  • Utilizing laser-shocked foils to create dense plasma conditions.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of a novel wide-angle spectrometer.
  • Acquisition of energy-resolved scattered X-ray spectra from dense plasma over a wide angular range in a single shot.
  • Observation of the temporal evolution of the angular scatter cross-section of a laser-shocked foil.

Conclusions:

  • The developed spectrometer is effective for characterizing X-ray scattering from dense plasmas.
  • The instrument enables time-resolved, wide-angle measurements crucial for plasma dynamics.
  • This spectrometer type shows potential for applications in X-ray line transfer studies in laser-plasma experiments.