Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture
Published on: November 25, 2025
Emmanouil Zacharakis1, Stamatis Angelopoulos, Dimitrios Kanellos
14th Academic Surgical Unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece. manoszacharakis@hotmail.com
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Laparoscopic cholecystectomies (LCs) without routine intraoperative cholangiograms (IOCs) resulted in a low bile duct injury (BDI) rate of 0.37%. This study suggests LCs can be safely performed without IOCs by experienced surgeons.
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