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Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Published on: March 20, 2014

Dinuclear palladium(ii) complexes with bridging amidate ligands.

Rafael A Adrian1, Shourong Zhu, Douglas R Powell

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249-0698, USA.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|October 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

New palladium(ii) complexes with ethylenediamine (en) or 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) ligands were synthesized. These complexes exhibit metal-metal interactions, influenced by ligand structure and pi-pi stacking, enabling new material properties.

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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions
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Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

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Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents
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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
19:58

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Synthesis of homonuclear dimeric palladium(ii) complexes.
  • Exploration of bridging ligands such as amidates and hydroxo groups.
  • Investigation of metal-metal interactions in dimeric structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel homonuclear dimeric Pd(ii) complexes.
  • To investigate the influence of ligand structure (ethylenediamine vs. 2,2ipyridine) on metal-metal interactions.
  • To understand the role of pi-pi interactions in facilitating Pd-Pd bonding.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Pd(ii) complexes using acetamide or acetonitrile hydrolysis.
  • Crystal structure determination of synthesized complexes.
  • Characterization using infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of dimeric Pd(ii) complexes bridged by amidate or hydroxo/amidate ligands.
  • Crystal structures reveal strong Pd-Pd interactions (2.83-2.84 Å) in complexes with 2,2ipyridine due to pi-pi stacking.
  • Absence of Pd-Pd interaction in analogous complexes with ethylenediamine lacking pi-pi stacking.
  • Observation of a 3-D hydrogen-bonded network in one ethylenediamine complex.

Conclusions:

  • Ligand design, specifically the presence of pi-pi stacking interactions in 2,2ipyridine, is crucial for forming metal-metal bonds in dimeric Pd(ii) complexes.
  • The study provides insights into the structural factors governing metal-metal interactions in palladium dimers.
  • These findings contribute to the understanding of palladium coordination chemistry and the design of novel materials.