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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Amino Acid Catabolism01:18

Amino Acid Catabolism

Microorganisms rely on proteins as an essential carbon and energy source, particularly in environments with limited polysaccharides or lipids. However, proteins are too large to cross the plasma membrane unaided, necessitating enzymatic degradation. Microbes secrete extracellular proteases and peptidases that hydrolyze proteins into peptides, which can then be transported across the membrane. Once inside the cell, intracellular proteases degrade these peptides into free amino acids, which...
Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids01:19

Phase II Reactions: Sulfation and Conjugation with α-Amino Acids

Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Profiling of Methyltransferases and Other S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding Proteins by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS)
17:12

Profiling of Methyltransferases and Other S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding Proteins by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS)

Published on: December 20, 2010

[Homocysteine metabolism].

Takao Hashimoto1, Yoshihiko Shinohara, Hiroshi Hasegawa

  • 1Department of Pathophsiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji City 192-0392, Japan. tak-hasimoto@q06.itscom.net

Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan
|October 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Elevated homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) is a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. This review covers biochemical, experimental, and clinical studies on homocysteine metabolism and its impact on cardiovascular health.

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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

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Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
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Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Profiling of Methyltransferases and Other S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding Proteins by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS)
17:12

Profiling of Methyltransferases and Other S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding Proteins by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS)

Published on: December 20, 2010

One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

Published on: June 25, 2010

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells
09:43

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Published on: July 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pathophysiology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine

Context:

  • Homocysteine, a sulfur amino acid and methionine metabolite, was linked to arterial thrombosis and atherosclerosis in children in 1969.
  • Hyperhomocysteinemia is now recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease.
  • Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is prevalent and can result from genetic factors, vitamin deficiencies, medications, or renal disease.

Purpose:

  • To review biochemical, experimental, and clinical studies on hyperhomocysteinemia.
  • To emphasize the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of homocysteine.
  • To consolidate current understanding of homocysteine's role in vascular disease.

Summary:

  • Elevated plasma homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia) is a well-established independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease.
  • A 5 micromol/L increase in plasma homocysteine elevates coronary artery disease risk comparably to a 20 mg/dL increase in cholesterol.
  • Causes include genetic defects in homocysteine metabolism, nutritional deficiencies, certain medications, and renal disease.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of hyperhomocysteinemia research.
  • Highlights the clinical significance of homocysteine as a cardiovascular risk marker.
  • Informs further research into homocysteine metabolism and therapeutic interventions for vascular disease.