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Isolated nonequilibrium systems in contact.

Yair Shokef1, Gal Shulkind, Dov Levine

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|October 13, 2007
PubMed
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We studied energy-conserving nonequilibrium steady states. A new effective temperature controls energy flow between systems, even though total entropy can decrease, violating traditional thermodynamics.

Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics
  • Dynamical Systems

Background:

  • Detailed balance and ergodicity are fundamental concepts in equilibrium statistical mechanics.
  • Nonequilibrium steady states (NESS) present unique challenges to these concepts.
  • Understanding energy flow and temperature in NESS is crucial for various fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a solvable model for energy-conserving nonequilibrium steady states.
  • To analyze the implications of time-reversal asymmetry in these systems.
  • To identify and characterize an effective temperature governing energy exchange in NESS.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a solvable model for energy-conserving NESS.
  • Analysis of time-reversal asymmetry and its consequences.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Examination of system contact and energy flow dynamics.
  • Application of standard and novel definitions of effective temperature.

    • Main Results:

    • Time-reversal asymmetry leads to violation of detailed balance and ergodicity breaking.
    • Dynamically inaccessible states are present in the model.
    • Standard definitions of effective temperature fail to yield a common value for contacting systems.
    • A specific operational effective temperature that controls energy flow was identified.
    • This operational temperature reaches a common value for contacting systems.
    • The total entropy of the joint system can decrease upon contact.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides a solvable framework for understanding complex nonequilibrium phenomena.
    • A generalized concept of effective temperature is necessary for describing energy flow in systems violating detailed balance.
    • The findings challenge traditional thermodynamic principles, suggesting that entropy can decrease in certain nonequilibrium processes.