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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
Thermodynamic Processes01:25

Thermodynamic Processes

A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is infinitesimally close to...
Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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A Computational Modeling Approach to Investigate the Influence of Hyperthermia on the Tumor Microenvironment
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Transport process and local thermal reservoirs.

Steffen Trimper1, Michael Schulz

  • 1Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-University, D-06099 Halle, Germany. steffen.trimper@physik.uni-halle.de

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|October 13, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This study explores particle density on a lattice with heat baths, revealing a new current driven by temperature gradients. The system achieves a stable density distribution influenced by temperature and particle filling factor.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Investigates N-particle random walks on M-site lattices with mesoscopic heat baths.
  • Utilizes a quantized Hamiltonian formulation of the master equation, incorporating the exclusion principle via Pauli operators.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze particle density evolution and stationary states in a lattice system with coupled heat baths and temperature gradients.
  • To explore the emergence of novel transport phenomena beyond conventional diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Employs a master equation in a quantized Hamiltonian formulation.
  • Applies mean-field approximation to derive evolution equations for particle density.
  • Analyzes the stability of stationary solutions using a Schrödinger-like equation.

Main Results:

  • Derives an evolution equation for particle density featuring two distinct currents: a diffusive current and a temperature-gradient-driven current.
  • Identifies a stationary solution where local density depends on the local temperature field and the filling factor (M/N).
  • Demonstrates the stability of the stationary density distribution under a fixed temperature gradient.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model offers a novel, alternative approach to the conventional Onsager ansatz for studying transport phenomena.
  • The interplay between density and temperature gradients leads to complex, yet stable, stationary states in mesoscopic systems.
  • This work provides insights into non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and the behavior of driven systems.