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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

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Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
12:24

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy

Published on: September 29, 2016

Reconstructing signal transduction pathways: challenges and opportunities.

Arnold J Levine1, Wenwei Hu, Zhaohui Feng

  • 1School of Natural Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540-0631, USA. alevine@ias.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|October 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

This chapter reviews signal transduction pathway research, highlighting genetics and biochemistry. It details how the p53 pathway limits cell growth errors during stress by regulating AKT-1 and mTOR pathways.

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Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
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The Power of Simplicity: Sea Urchin Embryos as in Vivo Developmental Models for Studying Complex Cell-to-cell Signaling Network Interactions
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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Signal transduction pathways are crucial for cellular communication and function.
  • Understanding these pathways has evolved through various research methodologies.
  • Studying disease states reveals altered gene networks and pathway dysregulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical assembly and current understanding of signal transduction pathways.
  • To discuss the methodologies used in pathway research, including their limitations.
  • To examine pathway interrelationships and regulation using a specific example.

Main Methods:

  • Genetics (yeast, worms, flies, mice, humans) utilizing second site suppressors and epistasis.
  • Biochemistry for elucidating metabolic pathways and protein complexes.
  • Molecular biology tools for manipulating protein levels (knockdown/knockup) in vivo.
  • Analysis of disease states to identify altered genes and networks.

Main Results:

  • Established methods have enabled the detection of interacting elements and genetic activity sequences.
  • Biochemistry and molecular biology have elucidated pathway functions and protein interactions.
  • Disease studies have identified key genes and networks contributing to pathology.

Conclusions:

  • Signal transduction pathway research relies on a combination of genetic, biochemical, and molecular approaches.
  • The p53 pathway's role in stress response involves inhibiting AKT-1 and mTOR pathways.
  • This inhibition limits cell growth and division errors, enhancing fidelity during stress and requiring homeostatic mechanisms.