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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

Metabolic acidosis.

Salim Lim1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Husada Hospital, Jakarta.

Acta Medica Indonesiana
|October 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients has two main types: high anion gap and hyperchloremic. Treatment for organic acidosis, like lactic acidosis, focuses on improving oxygenation, as sodium bicarbonate showed no benefit.

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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine
  • Acid-Base Physiology and Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Acute metabolic acidosis is a common complication in critically ill patients.
  • It is classified into high anion gap (e.g., lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis) and hyperchloremic (e.g., bicarbonate loss, renal tubular acidosis) forms.
  • Causes vary, including endogenous acid accumulation, bicarbonate loss, renal failure, and toxic ingestions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes and treatment controversies of acute metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients.
  • To highlight the challenges in managing organic acidosis, such as lactic acidosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on acute metabolic acidosis.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies, particularly for organic acidosis.
  • Discussion of the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate therapy.

Main Results:

  • Effective treatment for organic acidosis involves addressing the underlying cause, primarily by improving tissue oxygenation to cease acid production.
  • Sodium bicarbonate administration in acute organic acidosis did not reduce morbidity or mortality, despite improving acid-base parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal treatment strategies for acute metabolic acidosis require further investigation.
  • Focus on improving tissue oxygenation is crucial for managing organic acidosis.
  • The role and efficacy of sodium bicarbonate in acute metabolic acidosis remain controversial and potentially ineffective for improving outcomes.