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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Gastric Emptying01:16

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...
Intestinal Phase of Digestion01:29

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Serotonin Receptor Agonists01:23

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Serotonin Receptor Agonists

Serotonin, a crucial neurotransmitter synthesized by enterochromaffin cells, plays a cardinal role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. With over 90% of the body's total serotonin in the GI tract, its influence on digestive processes is profound. Serotonin is swiftly released upon various stimuli, such as food boluses or certain drugs, triggering intrinsic sensory neurons in the myenteric plexus and extrinsic vagal and spinal sensory neurons. This leads to the activation of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation
07:29

Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation

Published on: December 29, 2023

Gastrointestinal satiety signals.

Owais B Chaudhri1, Victoria Salem, Kevin G Murphy

  • 1Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.

Annual Review of Physiology
|October 17, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Gut hormones released from the GI tract play a crucial role in appetite control. These hormones act as satiety signals, helping to regulate food intake and combat obesity.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Rising global obesity rates necessitate understanding appetite regulation mechanisms.
  • The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and central nervous system (CNS) must communicate for appetite control.
  • Gut hormones released in response to nutrients are key mediators of this gut-brain axis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of gut hormone actions on appetite regulation.
  • To highlight the role of gut hormones in the gut-brain axis.
  • To discuss peptides that reduce food intake.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on gut hormones and appetite control.
  • Analysis of research on peptide hormones released from the GI tract.

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Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation
07:29

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Published on: December 29, 2023

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11:36

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

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Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
12:09

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

Published on: March 19, 2014

  • Examination of evidence from animal models and human studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Several gut hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptide, and peptide YY3-36, are shown to reduce food intake.
    • These peptides function physiologically as satiety signals and meal terminators.
    • The gut-brain axis is significantly influenced by circulating gut hormones.

    Conclusions:

    • Gut hormones are critical components of appetite regulation and the gut-brain axis.
    • Understanding these hormonal mechanisms offers potential strategies for addressing obesity.
    • Further research into gut hormone action is essential for developing effective appetite control interventions.