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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

Published on: March 14, 2014

HLA class II antigen presentation by prostate cancer cells.

A R Younger¹, S Amria, W A Jeffrey

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC29425, USA.

Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases

|October 17, 2007

Summary

Prostate cancer cells express human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II proteins, enabling recognition by CD4+ T cells. This finding supports targeting prostate tumors via the HLA class II pathway for immunotherapy.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Immunology
Cancer Research

Background:

Prostate cancer is a leading cancer diagnosis in men.
Malignant prostate tumor cells often evade the immune system by reducing target antigen and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecule expression.
Understanding immune escape mechanisms is crucial for developing effective cancer therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the potential of antigen-specific immunotherapy for prostate cancer.
To explore the role of the HLA class II pathway in immune recognition of prostate cancer cells.

Main Methods:

Analysis of HLA class II expression on prostate cancer cells.
Transduction of prostate tumor cells with class II molecules.
Assessment of antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells.

Main Results:

Prostate cancer cells were found to express HLA class II proteins.
These HLA class II molecules on tumor cells were recognized by CD4+ T cells.
Transduced prostate tumor cells effectively presented tumor-associated antigens to CD4+ T cells.

Conclusions:

Prostate tumors can be targeted through the HLA class II pathway.
HLA class II-positive tumors can be utilized for direct antigen presentation.
This approach holds promise for CD4+ T-cell mediated tumor immunotherapy in prostate cancer.