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Related Concept Videos

Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
04:09

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Symptomatic benign multinodular goiter: unilateral or bilateral thyroidectomy?

Sarah E Olson1, James Starling, Herbert Chen

  • 1Department of Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.

Surgery
|October 24, 2007
PubMed
Summary

For symptomatic benign multinodular goiter (MNG), unilateral thyroid lobectomy offers lower complication rates than bilateral resection. Most patients (89%) avoid reoperation, and subsequent surgeries have low morbidity.

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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
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Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter
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Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Thyroid Surgery

Background:

  • Symptomatic benign multinodular goiter (MNG) is prevalent in the north central US.
  • Surgical approach for unilateral vs. bilateral MNG remains debated.
  • Long-term outcomes of unilateral resection for unilateral MNG are underreported.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal surgical procedure for symptomatic MNG.
  • To compare outcomes of unilateral lobectomy versus total thyroidectomy for MNG.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 237 thyroidectomy patients for MNG (May 1994-Nov 2004).
  • 140 patients underwent unilateral lobectomy, 97 underwent total thyroidectomy.
  • Follow-up up to 145 months.

Main Results:

  • Higher recurrence rate in lobectomy group (11% vs. 3%, P=.029).
  • Significantly lower complication rate in lobectomy group (2% vs. 9%, P=.007).
  • Reoperation for recurrent MNG after lobectomy had low morbidity (5.5%).

Conclusions:

  • Unilateral thyroid lobectomy is associated with lower morbidity than bilateral resection.
  • 89% of patients undergoing unilateral resection did not require further surgery.
  • Unilateral lobectomy is recommended for symptomatic unilateral MNG due to favorable outcomes and low reoperation morbidity.