The osteoclast: a multinucleated, hematopoietic-origin, bone-resorbing osteoimmune cell

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that derive from hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow which also give rise to monocytes in peripheral blood, and to the various types of tissue macrophages. Osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of precursor cells. They function in bone resorption and are therefore critical for normal skeletal development (growth and modeling), for the maintenance of its integrity throughout life, and for calcium metabolism (remodeling). To resorb bone, the osteoclasts attach to the bone matrix, their cytoskeleton reorganizes, and they assume polarized morphology and form ruffled borders to secrete acid and collagenolytic enzymes and a sealing zone to isolate the resorption site. Identification of the osteoclastogenesis inducer, the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor RANK, and its decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG), has contributed enormously to the dramatic advance in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in osteoclast differentiation and activity. This explosion in osteoclast biology is reflected by the large number of reviews which appeared during the last decade. Here I will summarize the "classical" issues (origin, differentiation, and activity) in a general manner, and will discuss an untouched issue (multinucleation) and a relatively novel aspect of osteoclast biology (osteoimmunology).