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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
09:27

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals

Published on: May 30, 2013

Regulated secretion from CD4+ T cells.

Clare Jolly1, Quentin J Sattentau

  • 1The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, The University of Oxford, OX1 3RE UK. clare.jolly@pathology.oxford.ac.uk

Trends in Immunology
|October 27, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Cellular protein secretion is vital for immune cells. This review explores regulated secretion in CD4+ T cells, its role in health, and implications for HIV-1 assembly.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Regulated protein secretion is crucial for immune cell function, particularly T cell receptor engagement.
  • Pathways in CD8+ T and NK cells are well-researched, but CD4+ T cell secretion remains less understood.
  • CD4+ T cell secretion may play a role in HIV-1 assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on regulated secretory pathways in CD4+ T cells.
  • To highlight the importance of CD4+ T cell secretion in both physiological and pathological contexts.
  • To discuss potential links between CD4+ T cell secretion and HIV-1 pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on T cell secretion.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms governing secretory organelle biogenesis and trafficking.

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In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

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In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

  • Examination of the role of secretion in immune responses and viral assembly.

    • Main Results:

    • Recent advances have elucidated mechanisms in CD8+ T and NK cells.
    • Regulated secretion in CD4+ T cells is understudied but significant.
    • Components of CD4+ T cell secretory pathways are implicated in HIV-1 assembly.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding CD4+ T cell secretion is critical for both basic immunology and infectious disease research.
    • Further investigation into CD4+ T cell secretory pathways is warranted.
    • This pathway may represent a novel target for therapeutic intervention in HIV-1 infection.