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Related Concept Videos

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus01:25

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...
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Surgical interventions for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, are essential in managing symptoms and addressing complications. The selection of surgical procedures is contingent upon the specific conditions and complications that stem from these illnesses.
Here are some common surgical interventions for IBD:
Appendicitis01:19

Appendicitis

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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

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Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
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Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Surgical Robot-Assisted Transanal Specimen Extraction Radical Sigmoidectomy Without an Auxiliary Abdominal Incision
07:22

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[Occult anal sphincter tear--up-to-date knowledge].

V Kalis1, Z Chudácek, J Stepán

  • 1Gynekologicko-porodnická klinika LF UK a FN Plzen.

Ceska Gynekologie
|October 31, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Occult anal sphincter tears are injuries not detectable by physical exam but visible with endoanal ultrasonography, occurring in about 2% of vaginal deliveries. Improved diagnostics rely on careful perineal examination and anatomical knowledge.

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Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Anal sphincter injuries can be subtle and missed during routine postpartum examinations.
  • Understanding the anatomy of the anal sphincter is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Occult injuries may lead to long-term complications if undiagnosed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on sonographically and clinically detectable anal sphincter injuries.
  • To define occult anal sphincter tears and their diagnostic methods.
  • To review the incidence and diagnostic approaches for anal sphincter defects.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of international literature.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria for anal sphincter injuries.
  • Evaluation of endoanal ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool.

Main Results:

  • Occult anal sphincter tears are clinically undetectable injuries identified via endoanal ultrasonography.
  • Sonographically detected anal sphincter defects range from 19% to 67%.
  • Isolated internal anal sphincter defects represent true occult injuries, found in approximately 2% of vaginal deliveries.

Conclusions:

  • Diligent digital examination and anatomical education are key to improving diagnosis of anal sphincter injuries.
  • Endoanal ultrasound can aid in the diagnosis of occult anal sphincter tears.
  • Many clinically detectable injuries are likely missed, highlighting the need for enhanced diagnostic strategies.