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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Actin01:26

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle cells, while in non-muscle cells, it is lower and makes up around 1–5 percent of the total cell protein. Actin found in the unicellular amoebae and complex multicellular animals is around 80% similar, demonstrating their conservation over a billion years of evolution.  Actin coding genes are conserved within species and across different species.
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...
Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments01:11

Formation of Higher-order Actin Filaments

The polymerization of G-actin monomers into filamentous F-actin is a multi-step process. Once the F-actins are formed, they can bundle together in different arrangements to form higher-order networks and regulate cellular functions. Common examples include the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia at the cell's leading edge by actin reorganization in a migrating cell. The microvilli on the brush border epithelial cells are also formed through the F-actin network.
The high-order actin networks...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Cholinergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic antagonists bind to cholinergic receptors and limit the effects of acetylcholine and other cholinergic agonists. Based on the specific cholinergic receptor affinity, these antagonists are classified as muscarinic or nicotinic. Anticholinergics interrupt parasympathetic innervations while sympathetic innervations remain uninterrupted. Muscarinic antagonists are also called 'muscarinic antagonists', 'antimuscarinics', or 'parasympatholytics'. Nicotinic antagonists are called...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops
06:48

Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops

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[Interaction of actinocin derivative with different poly(rC) structures].

E G Berezniak, E B Kruglova, A S Khrebtova

    Biofizika
    |November 1, 2007
    PubMed
    Summary

    Actinocin derivative Act III binding to poly(rC) alters its structure, decreasing melting temperature and enthalpy. Double-stranded poly(rC) shows a higher binding constant than single-stranded poly(rC) for Act III.

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    Tuning the Contractility and Deformation Modes of Active Actin-Based Assemblies In Vitro: From Two-Dimensional Active Networks to Liquid Crystal Drops
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    Preparation and Delivery of Protein Microcrystals in Lipidic Cubic Phase for Serial Femtosecond Crystallography

    Published on: September 20, 2016

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Biophysical Chemistry

    Context:

    • Investigating the molecular interactions between small molecules and nucleic acids.
    • Understanding how ligands affect polynucleotide stability and conformation.
    • Exploring the structure-activity relationship of actinocin derivatives.

    Purpose:

    • To elucidate the binding mechanism of actinocin derivative Act III with single- and double-stranded poly(rC).
    • To quantify the thermodynamic parameters of the poly(rC)-Act III interaction.
    • To determine the conformational changes induced in poly(rC) upon Act III binding.

    Summary:

    • Differential scanning microcalorimetry and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy revealed that Act III binding decreases the melting temperature, enthalpy, and entropy of poly(rC).
    • Spectroscopic analysis indicated conformational changes in poly(rC) at pH 4.46 and 6.0 in the presence of Act III.
    • Calculated binding constants showed a significantly higher affinity of Act III for double-stranded poly(rC) compared to single-stranded poly(rC).

    Impact:

    • Conformational changes in the poly(rC) matrix are identified as the primary reason for the observed decrease in melting temperature and enthalpy.
    • The findings provide insights into the interaction mechanisms between actinocin derivatives and polynucleotides.
    • This research contributes to the understanding of drug-nucleic acid interactions and potential therapeutic applications.