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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Immunologic principles of allergic disease.

Marco Averbeck1, Carl Gebhardt, Frank Emmrich

  • 1Clinic for Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. marco.averbeck@medizin.uni-leipzig.de

Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG
|November 3, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Allergies stem from overactive immune responses or failed tolerance to harmless substances. Understanding the immune mechanisms behind allergic reactions is key to developing effective treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Research

Background:

  • Allergic reactions involve innate and adaptive immunity, progressing through sensitization and elicitation phases.
  • Immediate hypersensitivity reactions are IgE-mediated, involving mast cells, basophils, and Th2 cells.
  • Delayed hypersensitivity reactions involve T cells and manifest over 24-48 hours.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the immunological mechanisms underlying various types of allergic reactions.
  • To differentiate between immediate and delayed type hypersensitivity responses.
  • To describe the roles of different immune cells and antibodies in allergy pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of immunological pathways in allergy.
  • Analysis of antibody (IgE, IgG, IgM) and T cell (CD4+, CD8+, Th2) involvement.
  • Examination of cellular mediators and inflammatory processes.

Main Results:

  • IgE antibodies drive immediate reactions like anaphylaxis and asthma.
  • IgG and IgM antibodies mediate cytotoxic reactions and immune complex diseases.
  • T cell activation underlies delayed reactions such as contact dermatitis, with subsequent immune cell infiltration and resolution.

Conclusions:

  • Allergic responses are complex immune phenomena involving distinct cellular and molecular pathways.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for distinguishing and managing different allergic conditions.
  • Immune cell dynamics, including T cell and antibody responses, dictate allergic disease progression and resolution.