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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Local effects of malignancy on bone.

Sue A Brown¹, Gregory A Clines, Theresa A Guise

¹Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. sab2f@virginia.edu

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity

|November 6, 2007

Summary

New pathways like TGF-β and Wnt signaling are key in understanding bone metastases from breast, prostate, and myeloma cancers. Novel therapeutics targeting these pathways offer hope for preventing skeletal complications.

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Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Models of Bone Metastasis

Models of Bone Metastasis

Published on: September 4, 2012

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Area of Science:

Oncology
Bone Metastasis Research
Cancer Therapeutics

Background:

Skeletal-related complications are common in solid tumors like breast, prostate, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma.
Cancer and its treatments can lead to significant bone loss or osteoporosis.
This review specifically addresses recent data on metastatic bone disease in breast, prostate, and multiple myeloma.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of metastatic bone disease.
To highlight novel molecular pathways implicated in bone metastases.
To discuss the development of new therapeutics for managing skeletal complications.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent data on metastatic bone disease.
Focus on key solid tumors: breast, prostate, and multiple myeloma.
Analysis of emerging molecular pathways and their role in bone metastasis.

Main Results:

Novel pathways identified include transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), RANKL/OPG, and Wnt signaling.
These pathways involve key factors such as dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and endothelin-1 (ET-1).
Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Conclusions:

Identification of new pathways is vital for advancing metastatic bone disease treatment.
Novel therapeutics are being developed to prevent devastating skeletal complications.
Bisphosphonates remain the primary therapy for treating and preventing cancer-related skeletal adverse events.