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Related Concept Videos

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
Understanding the concepts of physical dependence,...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Stimulants01:29

Stimulants

Stimulants are substances that enhance neural activity and elevate dopamine levels in the brain, leading to their highly addictive nature. These drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, MDMA, caffeine, and nicotine, each with distinct mechanisms of action and varied health implications.
Cocaine can be administered via snorting, injection, or smoking. It primarily functions by blocking the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in a euphoric high characterized by an intense sensation of happiness and...
An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs01:28

An Overview of Psychoactive Drugs

Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
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Published on: March 15, 2024

Substance use and the adolescent brain: a toxic combination?

Dan I Lubman1, Murat Yücel, Wayne D Hall

  • 1Department of Psychiarty, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. dan.lubman@mh.org.au

Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)
|November 7, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Early substance use in adolescents increases risks for later problems. The adolescent brain

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Adolescent Development
  • Substance Use Research

Background:

  • Early onset substance use is linked to adverse outcomes in adolescence and early adulthood.
  • Mechanisms underlying this association require further investigation.
  • Adolescent brain development may increase vulnerability to addictive substances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the neurobiological underpinnings of early onset substance use.
  • To understand the developmental trajectories affected by adolescent drug use.
  • To identify potential neurobiological vulnerabilities in high-risk youth.

Main Methods:

  • Review of developmental neuroscience literature.
  • Analysis of emerging research on early onset substance use.

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Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
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Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice
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  • Identification of gaps in prospective studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Adolescent brains are undergoing significant neuromaturational processes, potentially increasing vulnerability.
    • Early substance use may disrupt normal developmental trajectories.
    • Evidence suggests premorbid neurobiological vulnerabilities in high-risk youth.

    Conclusions:

    • Early adolescent drug use has significant neurobiological implications.
    • Further prospective studies are needed to understand the neurobiological correlates and consequences.
    • Research findings are crucial for developing effective public health interventions.