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Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division01:18

Cranial Part of Parasympathetic Division

The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) alone accounts for approximately 75...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
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The Pituitary Gland

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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
04:34

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Published on: May 26, 2023

[Jugulotympanic paraganglioma].

F Bono1

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche Università di Milano "Bicocca", U.O. Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale Civile di Vimercate, Presidio di Desio. polletta.79@libero.it

Pathologica
|November 9, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Jugulo-tympanic paraganglioma, a middle ear neoplasia, often presents with hearing loss and dizziness. Surgical excision is a common treatment for localized tumors.

Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Jugulo-tympanic paraganglioma is the most common neoplasia of the middle ear, originating from chemoreceptor cells.
  • These tumors can present with varied symptoms, including otalgia, dizziness, and cranial nerve palsies.

Observation:

  • A case presented with otalgia and bradyacusia, initially diagnosed as chronic otitis.
  • Intraoperative findings revealed a bleeding polypoid lesion in the middle ear.

Findings:

  • Frozen section showed monomorphic cells in nests within a vascular stroma, lacking malignancy.
  • Immunohistochemistry confirmed chief cells (chromogranin+, synaptophysin+) and sustentacular cells (S-100+).

Implications:

  • Jugulo-tympanic paragangliomas, when non-secretory, primarily manifest as hearing loss, dizziness, and cranial nerve deficits.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
04:34

Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor

Published on: May 26, 2023

  • Treatment options include surgical excision for localized disease, with radiation therapy considered for some cases.