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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Vascular Resistance01:20

Vascular Resistance

Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
The primary determinants of vascular resistance are vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Among these, vessel diameter plays the most significant role due to the fourth power relationship described by...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
09:03

Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye

Published on: June 20, 2015

What increases outflow resistance in primary open-angle glaucoma?

Ernst R Tamm1, Rudolf Fuchshofer

  • 1Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Germany.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|December 6, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary open-angle glaucoma involves increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow due to extracellular matrix changes in the trabecular meshwork. Bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) may offer a promising therapeutic strategy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye
09:03

Trabecular Meshwork Response to Pressure Elevation in the Living Human Eye

Published on: June 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Intraocular pressure is a critical risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma.
  • Elevated resistance to aqueous humor outflow in the trabecular meshwork contributes to increased intraocular pressure.
  • Extracellular matrix alterations in the trabecular meshwork are implicated in primary open-angle glaucoma pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) and its related factors in primary open-angle glaucoma.
  • To explore the potential of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) as a therapeutic agent for primary open-angle glaucoma.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of aqueous humor and trabecular meshwork cells from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.
  • Investigating the effects of TGF-beta2, thrombospondin-1, connective tissue growth factor, and BMP-7 on trabecular meshwork extracellular matrix.

Main Results:

  • High concentrations of TGF-beta2 were found in the aqueous humor of primary open-angle glaucoma patients.
  • Thrombospondin-1 activates TGF-beta2, and connective tissue growth factor mediates TGF-beta2's effects on extracellular matrix.
  • BMP-7 demonstrated a strong antagonistic effect on TGF-beta2-induced fibrogenesis in human trabecular meshwork cells.

Conclusions:

  • TGF-beta2 and associated factors play a significant role in the extracellular matrix changes characteristic of primary open-angle glaucoma.
  • BMP-7 antagonizes the fibrogenic effects of TGF-beta2, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for primary open-angle glaucoma.