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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System

Published on: April 11, 2025

Wearable seismocardiography.

Paolo Castiglioni¹, Andrea Faini, Gianfranco Parati

¹Polo Tecnologico (Biomedical Technology Department), IRCCS S Maria Nascente, Fondazione Don Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy. pcastiglioni@dongnocchi.it

Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference

|November 16, 2007

Summary

This study introduces a new wearable device for seismocardiogram (SCG) recordings, enabling reliable long-term monitoring of cardiac mechanics and cardiac output estimation using the |I-J| index.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiovascular Physiology
Wearable Technology

Background:

Seismocardiogram (SCG) records heart beat vibrations, offering insights into cardiac mechanics, heart sounds, and cardiac output.
Existing methods for long-term SCG monitoring are limited.
A novel wearable system integrating a smart shirt and accelerometer is proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

To present and validate a new wearable device for long-term seismocardiogram (SCG) recordings.
To assess the system's ability to estimate cardiac output-related parameters.
To evaluate the consistency and reliability of SCG measurements during rest and exercise.

Main Methods:

Integration of the MagIC smart shirt with a triaxial MEMS accelerometer on the left clavicle for SCG acquisition.
SCG estimation as the average acceleration per heart beat.
Filtering techniques to isolate heart sound (high-pass >18 Hz) and ballistocardiogram (band-pass 0.6-20 Hz) components.
Calculation of the |I-J| index from the ballistocardiogram, a parameter related to cardiac output.
Validation in 4 subjects comparing the |I-J| index with indirect cardiac output estimation during rest and exercise.

Main Results:

The wearable system demonstrated statistically consistent estimates of heart-sound vibrations and recoil movements.
Reliable |I-J| index estimation was achieved with approximately one minute of SCG recording under stationary conditions.
Changes in the |I-J| index during exercise showed a strong correlation with changes in model-flow-estimated cardiac output.

Conclusions:

The developed wearable system provides a consistent and reliable method for long-term SCG monitoring.
The |I-J| index derived from SCG is a promising, non-invasive indicator for estimating cardiac output, particularly during dynamic conditions like exercise.
This technology holds potential for remote and continuous assessment of cardiovascular function.