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Related Concept Videos

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation01:28

Debye–Huckel–Onsager Conductance Equation

The Debye-Hückel-Onsager equation is a cornerstone of physical chemistry, providing a method to determine the molar conductance (Λm) and molar conductance at infinite dilution (Λ°m) for uni-univalent electrolytes.Uni-univalent electrolytes are electrolytes that dissociate in solution to produce one cation with a +1 charge and one anion with a –1 charge per formula unit.This equation addresses two crucial phenomena: the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect. According to this equation,...
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
Conductor, Semiconductor,...
Reynolds Transport Theorem01:24

Reynolds Transport Theorem

The Reynolds transport theorem provides a framework to relate the time rate of change of an extensive property within a system to that in a control volume, which is crucial for analyzing fluid dynamics. Extensive properties, such as mass, velocity, acceleration, temperature, and momentum, can be expressed in terms of the mass of a fluid portion. These properties are called extensive because they depend on the system's size, while intensive properties are their corresponding values per unit mass.
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
11:42

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

A self-consistent theory for graphene transport.

Shaffique Adam1, E H Hwang, V M Galitski

  • 1Condensed Matter Theory Center, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-4111, USA. adam1@umd.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 16, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Graphene

Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Graphene's transport properties at zero magnetic field are crucial for electronic applications.
  • Previous understanding suggested universality in these properties, independent of sample conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate the role of charged impurities in graphene's transport properties.
  • To determine the dependence of minimum conductivity on charged impurity concentration.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of electron scattering in graphene.
  • Analysis of transport properties based on varying impurity concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Graphene's transport properties are significantly influenced by charged impurities, not universal.

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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

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Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moir&#233; Superlattice Devices
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Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
11:42

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities

Published on: July 24, 2015

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials
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Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Published on: January 21, 2016

Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moir&#233; Superlattice Devices
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Optimized Fabrication Procedure for High-Quality Graphene-based Moiré Superlattice Devices

Published on: July 11, 2025

  • Minimum conductivity depends on impurity concentration (n(imp)), agreeing with experiments for dirty samples (250-400 x 10^10 cm^-2).
  • Cleaner samples show a strong n(imp) dependence, predicting higher minimum conductivity (8e^2/h for n(imp) ~ 20 x 10^10 cm^-2).

    • Conclusions:

    • Charged impurity scattering is the primary factor explaining observed graphene transport properties.
    • Reducing charged impurities or using substrates with higher dielectric constants can enhance graphene mobility.