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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
Effects of Chemicals: Overview01:27

Effects of Chemicals: Overview

Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
Types of Toxins01:36

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Identification of Pharmaceuticals in The Aquatic Environment Using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and Elimination of Erythromycin Through Photo-Induced Degradation
05:46

Identification of Pharmaceuticals in The Aquatic Environment Using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS and Elimination of Erythromycin Through Photo-Induced Degradation

Published on: August 1, 2018

Aquatic plants exposed to pharmaceuticals: effects and risks.

Richard A Brain1, Mark L Hanson, Keith R Solomon

  • 1Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Department of Environmental Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX 76798-7388, USA.

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
|November 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments pose risks to plants, particularly blue-green algae. Sensitive pathway and receptor-specific endpoints reveal toxicity missed by traditional methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Pharmaceuticals are widespread aquatic contaminants from human and veterinary use.
  • Concerns exist regarding non-target effects on aquatic organisms due to their biological activity.
  • Evolutionary conservation of metabolic pathways and receptors in plants is a key consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential risks of pharmaceuticals to aquatic plants.
  • To highlight the role of conserved pathways and receptors in plant susceptibility.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of traditional versus specific toxicity endpoints.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of toxicological data on pharmaceuticals in aquatic plants.
  • Analysis of conserved pathways and receptors targeted by pharmaceuticals.
  • Comparison of risk assessments based on morphological versus pathway-specific endpoints.

Main Results:

  • Pharmaceuticals affect various plant pathways, including chloroplast replication, transcription, translation, and biosynthesis.
  • Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are particularly sensitive to antibiotics.
  • Triclosan poses risks to both green and blue-green algae.
  • Traditional risk assessments based on gross morphological endpoints often underestimate pharmaceutical toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Aquatic plants possess conserved receptors and pathways susceptible to pharmaceuticals.
  • Pathway- or receptor-specific toxicity endpoints are more sensitive than traditional methods.
  • Future research should incorporate these specific endpoints for more accurate risk assessments of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems.