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Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
Evolutionary Psychology01:20

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Evolutionary psychology explores the origins of human behavior and mental processes by framing them within the context of natural selection, a theory famously propounded by Charles Darwin. This field asserts that many behaviors common across human societies — ranging from instinctive fear reactions to complex social interactions — arose as evolutionary adaptations. These adaptations enhanced the survival and reproductive success of our ancestors, thereby becoming embedded in the human psyche...
Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
Beyond physical adaptations, psychological...
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to exist...
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds
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From nature to nurture, and back again.

David B Miller1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA. david.b.miller@uconn.edu

Developmental Psychobiology
|November 21, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Gilbert Gottlieb's developmental theory highlights organismic development as a dynamic, multilevel system. Understanding nonlinear ecological factors is crucial for a complete view of species-typical development, especially in auditory communication.

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Ethology
  • Bioacoustics

Background:

  • Gilbert Gottlieb's developmental theory posits organismic development as a multilevel system.
  • This theory emphasizes ongoing transactions between different organizational levels.
  • Historical influences and empirical research, particularly in avian auditory communication, have shaped this view.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review Gottlieb's conception of development.
  • To explore its historical influences and empirical applications.
  • To highlight the role of ecological factors in understanding development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Gottlieb's developmental theory.
  • Analysis of empirical studies on avian auditory communication.

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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Perspectives on Neuroscience

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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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  • Consideration of ecological factors and nonlinear influences.

    • Main Results:

    • Ecological factors are key to identifying nonlinear experiences in development.
    • Failure to account for nonlinearities, alongside linear influences, weakens the developmental perspective.
    • Gottlieb's approach aids in dissecting the complexity of organismic development.

    Conclusions:

    • A comprehensive understanding of organismic development requires acknowledging both linear and nonlinear influences.
    • Ecological factors are vital for uncovering subtle developmental processes.
    • Gottlieb's transactional model provides a robust framework for studying development, particularly in communication systems.