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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

Published on: May 20, 2011

Arm coordination adaptations assessment in swimming.

C Schnitzler¹, L Seifert, V Ernwein

¹UFR STAPS, CETAPS UPRES EA 3832, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Rouen University, Mont Saint Aignan, France. xtophe.8@laposte.net

International Journal of Sports Medicine

|November 21, 2007

Summary

Elite swimmers adjust arm coordination (IdC) to maintain stable intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) across swim paces. Gender influences both coordination and velocity variation due to differences in power and drag.

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Area of Science:

Sports Science
Biomechanics
Swimming Performance Analysis

Background:

Understanding the relationship between arm coordination and velocity fluctuations is crucial for optimizing swimming technique.
Previous research has not fully elucidated how swim pace and gender influence these biomechanical parameters.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the link between changes in arm coordination (IdC) and intracyclic velocity variation (IVV).
To analyze these relationships as a function of varying swim pace and gender in elite swimmers.

Main Methods:

Twelve elite swimmers performed five distinct swim paces.
Arm coordination (IdC) was determined using video analysis.
Intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) was measured using a velocity-metre system.

Main Results:

Arm coordination (IdC) significantly increased with swim pace (p < 0.05), while intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) remained stable.
A significant gender effect was observed for mean IdC and IVV values (p < 0.05).
Females exhibited lower mean IVV compared to males, attributed to lower mechanical power output and drag.

Conclusions:

Increased arm coordination (IdC) appears to be a strategy for elite swimmers to maintain intracyclic velocity variation (IVV) stability.
The relationship between anthropometric parameters, mechanical power output, and drag influences mean IdC and IVV levels.
The IVV-IdC relationship can serve as a tool for identifying swimmer misadaptation to pace and guiding individualized coaching.