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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

iPS Cell Differentiation

iPS Cell Differentiation

The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

EPS and iPS Cells in Disease Research

Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells are excellent models for disease research because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into most cell types. Somatic cells from a patient are isolated and reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs. These iPSCs are later differentiated into the desired cell type, which mirrors the diseased cell of the patient. In this way, disease models have been created for investigating diseases such as Down syndrome, type I diabetes,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: November 29, 2012

Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells.

Junying Yu¹, Maxim A Vodyanik, Kim Smuga-Otto

¹Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1580, USA. jyu@primate.wisc.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 22, 2007

Summary

Four key factors reprogram human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells, mimicking embryonic stem cells. These cells hold promise for disease modeling and regenerative medicine.

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Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Reprogramming technology
Human cell differentiation

Background:

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) utilizes oocyte factors to dedifferentiate somatic cells.
Previous methods for generating pluripotent stem cells were complex and had limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify a minimal set of factors sufficient for reprogramming human somatic cells.
To characterize the properties of the resulting induced pluripotent stem cells.

Main Methods:

Introduction of four specific transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28) into human somatic cells.
Assessment of pluripotency markers, karyotype, telomerase activity, and differentiation potential.

Main Results:

Successfully generated induced pluripotent human stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells.
These iPSCs exhibited characteristics of human embryonic stem (ES) cells, including normal karyotypes and differentiation capacity.
The reprogrammed cells expressed key ES cell markers and genes, and showed telomerase activity.

Conclusions:

A defined set of four factors is sufficient to induce pluripotency in human somatic cells.
Generated iPSCs possess characteristics and developmental potential similar to human ES cells.
These iPSCs offer potential for disease modeling, drug discovery, and transplantation therapies, pending resolution of technical challenges.