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Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

T-loop formation by human telomeric G-quadruplex.

Yan Xu¹, Hiroyuki Sato, Ken-Ichi Shinohara

¹Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.

Nucleic Acids Symposium Series (2004)

|November 22, 2007

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

T-loops, a proposed telomere structure, were investigated. The study found that dimeric G-quadruplex DNA structures induce T-loop formation in potassium solutions, supporting their role in telomere protection.

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Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

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Published on: April 4, 2025

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: September 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Telomeres protect chromosome ends but are prone to damage.
T-loops are hypothesized structures involved in telomere maintenance and regulation.
Telomerase activity is crucial for telomere length regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural and thermodynamic properties of dimeric G-quadruplexes in human telomeric DNA.
To determine if dimeric G-quadruplexes can induce T-loop formation.
To understand the role of these structures in telomere biology.

Main Methods:

Utilized chemical modifications to study DNA structures.
Employed circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy to analyze structural properties.
Examined DNA in potassium (K+) solutions to mimic physiological conditions.

Main Results:

Confirmed the formation of dimeric G-quadruplex structures in human telomeric DNA.
Demonstrated that the dimeric G-quadruplex topology directly induces T-loop formation.
Provided thermodynamic insights into the stability of these structures.

Conclusions:

The dimeric G-quadruplex structure is a key factor in T-loop formation.
This finding supports the role of T-loops in telomere protection and telomerase regulation.
Further research into G-quadruplexes can elucidate telomere maintenance mechanisms.