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Dissection Techniques and Histological Sampling of the Heart in Large Animal Models for Cardiovascular Diseases
Published on: June 16, 2022
Is there still a role for cardiac autopsy in 2007?
Vera Demarchi Aiello1, Diane Debich-Spicer, Robert H Anderson
1Laboratory of Pathology, Heart Institute, InCor, University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil. vera.aiello@incor.usp.br
Insights
The number of autopsies has declined due to organ retention scandals, impacting diagnosis and education. This review emphasizes the crucial role of pathologists and autopsy archives in improving clinical practice and training for congenital heart disease cases.
Area of Science:
- Pathology
- Medical Imaging
- Congenital Heart Disease
Background:
- Autopsy rates have significantly decreased in tertiary medical centers globally.
- Public trust in post-mortem examinations eroded due to organ retention scandals, particularly in the UK.
- Advanced imaging techniques provide detailed anatomical information but do not replace the comprehensive data from autopsies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review factors contributing to the decline in autopsy rates.
- To advocate for reversing the trend of declining autopsies.
- To highlight the continued importance of the autopsy in clinical practice, research, and education, especially for congenital heart disease.
Main Methods:
- Review of literature and historical data on autopsy trends.
- Analysis of factors influencing public and professional attitudes towards autopsies.
- Discussion of strategies to enhance autopsy performance and training, including the role of pathologist's assistants.
Main Results:
- The organ retention scandal significantly impacted families' willingness to consent to autopsies.
- Existing autopsy archives remain invaluable for education and research.
- Collaboration between pathologists, clinicians, and pathologist's assistants can improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency.
Conclusions:
- Reversing the decline in autopsies is essential for medical progress.
- Pathologists play a vital role in diagnosis, education, and research, particularly in congenital heart disease.
- Training initiatives and the utilization of pathologist's assistants can support the performance and value of autopsies.
Abstract:
Concerns have emerged in recent years with regard to the role to be played by the pathologist in reaching a final diagnosis. When considering the field of the congenitally malformed heart, it is true that the richness of detail now provided by imaging techniques is truly amazing. Alongside these developments, there has also been a significant decline in the number of autopsies performed in tertiary medial centres around the World. In this review, we consider some of the factors that have contributed to this decrease in autopsies, and review the reasons why strong steps should be taken to reverse this trend. When considering the reasons for the decline in autopsies, there can be little doubt that the scandal devolving on inappropriate retention of organs, which came to light in the United Kingdom, but which had reverberations throughout the World, contributed in no small way to the reticence of families to grant appropriate permission to conduct a post-mortem examination. It is sincerely hoped that the changes in practise that followed these revelations will stop, and indeed reverse, this unfortunate decline. The inappropriate retention of organs came into the public domain in an attempt to emphasise the value of the autopsy in clinical practise, research, and education. All of these good reasons for performing the autopsy remain. From the stance of education, we emphasise the importance of retaining existing archives, which have long since proved their value. From the stance of improving clinical practise, we reiterate that the attitude of the morphologist, working side-by-side with the clinician or surgeon, has always been fundamental in expanding this aspect of knowledge. We recognise, nonetheless, that performance of the autopsy still carries financial considerations. In this respect, when considering the congenitally malformed heart, we stress the option of having the pathologist working in harness with an experienced cardiac morphologist, or alternatively with a properly trained pathologist's assistant. In terms of training, we show how, with the advantage of a few simple rules, it becomes an easy matter to describe and analyse the congenitally malformed heart. Thereafter, having reviewed means of increasing the number of autopsies, and discussing new techniques, we complete our review with a detailed account of the fetal, perinatal, and paediatric autopsy in the patients with a congenitally malformed heart, taking particular account of the role to be played by the properly trained pathologist's assistant.
