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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of its...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Set-shifting and behavioral dysfunction in primary focal dystonia.

Paulo Bugalho1, Bernardo Corrêa, João Guimarães

  • 1Department of Neurology, Hospital Egas Moniz, Rua da Junqueira, Lisboa, Portugal. paulobugalho@sapo.pt

Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society
|November 30, 2007
PubMed
Summary

Patients with primary dystonia show executive function deficits, specifically set-shifting impairments on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and higher obsessive-compulsive symptom intensity. These findings suggest complex neurophysiological dysfunction in primary dystonia.

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Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 9, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Cognitive and behavioral symptoms in primary dystonia are not well-established.
  • Primary dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cognitive and behavioral symptoms in primary dystonia patients.
  • To compare neuropsychological performance and obsessive-compulsive symptoms between patients and controls.

Main Methods:

  • Neuropsychological testing including Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop test, Benton's Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Block Assembly Test (BAT).
  • Assessment of obsessive-compulsive symptoms using the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS).
  • Correlation analysis between neuropsychological performance, dystonia characteristics (duration, age of onset), severity (Unified Dystonia Rating Scale, UDRS), and Y-BOCS scores.

Main Results:

  • Primary dystonia patients exhibited more perseverative errors on the WCST (P = 0.042) and higher mean Y-BOCS scores (P = 0.003) compared to controls.
  • Timed tests (BVRT, BAT, Stroop) showed correlations with UDRS scores.
  • No significant correlations were found between Y-BOCS, WCST, and UDRS scores.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with primary dystonia may experience set-shifting deficits and increased obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
  • These findings suggest potential neurophysiological dysfunction in frontostriatal circuits in primary dystonia.