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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

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Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
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Updated: Jan 15, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Substrate-Mediated Fluorination of Graphene Directs Biointerface Chemistry and Cellular Interactions.

Gabriel Moreira1,2, Beatriz Silva1,2, Tiago Abreu1,2

  • 1International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|October 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical functionalization of graphene using xenon difluoride fluorination reprograms its surface properties. This substrate-controlled approach enhances protein adsorption and promotes cancer cell adhesion, overcoming graphene

Keywords:
2D materialscell adhesion and proliferationfunctionalizationhuman breast cancer epithelial cellspolyethylene terephthalatesiliconsilicon dioxidewettability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Pristine graphene's inert surface chemistry and hydrophobicity limit its use in biomedical applications by restricting protein adsorption and cellular interactions.
  • Chemical functionalization is crucial for modifying graphene's interfacial properties and enhancing its biocompatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate xenon difluoride fluorination as a versatile strategy for engineering graphene's interfacial properties and cellular response.
  • To investigate substrate-mediated fluorination effects on graphene's surface chemistry, wettability, and biological interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) monolayer graphene was fluorinated using xenon difluoride (XeF2).
  • Fluorination was performed on different substrates (SiO2, Si, PET) to achieve substrate-controlled, single-sided, double-sided, or polymer-coupled functionalization.
  • Surface characterization included Raman spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements.
  • Protein adsorption and breast cancer cell adhesion/proliferation assays were conducted on pristine and fluorinated graphene surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Substrate-dependent fluorination yielded diverse surface chemistries and wettability: hydrophobic SiO2/FGr (~88°), superhydrophilic Si/FGr (~15°), and tunable PET/FGr (47-78°).
  • C-F bond formation and resultant polar functional groups, not surface roughness, were identified as key drivers of wettability changes.
  • Fluorinated graphene surfaces exhibited enhanced protein adsorption and promoted breast cancer cell adhesion and proliferation compared to pristine graphene.

Conclusions:

  • Substrate-controlled xenon difluoride fluorination effectively reprograms graphene's surface chemistry and wettability.
  • Engineered graphene surfaces overcome inherent bioinertness, enhancing protein adsorption and promoting cellular interactions.
  • This approach offers versatile pathways for developing advanced graphene-based biomedical devices.