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Related Concept Videos

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene01:24

π Molecular Orbitals of 1,3-Butadiene

11.9K
Conjugated dienes have lower heats of hydrogenation than cumulated and isolated dienes, making them more stable. The enhanced stabilization of conjugated systems can be understood from their π molecular orbitals.
The simplest conjugated diene is 1,3-butadiene: a four-carbon system where each carbon is sp2-hybridized and has an unhybridized p orbital that contains an unpaired electron. According to molecular orbital theory, atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals such that the number...
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Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

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Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
3.6K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

8.4K
The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
8.4K
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

3.9K
The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
3.9K
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles01:13

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

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Skeletal muscle cells, also called muscle fibers, are distinctly elongated, multi-nucleated, slender biological units. They are packed with specialized structures designed to facilitate their primary function, which is contraction.
The muscle sarcolemma is a plasma membrane enclosing each muscle cell that conducts electrical signals called action potentials. The sarcolemma extends into the cell to form T-tubules, ensuring the neural impulses are uniformly distributed across the entire muscle...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Synthesis and Characterization of mRNA-Loaded PolyBeta Aminoesters Nanoparticles for Vaccination Purposes
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Under microscopes the poly(styrene/butadiene) nanoparticles.

Xiaorong Wang1, Pat Sadhukhan

  • 1Bridgestone Americas Center for Research and Technology, 1200 Firestone Parkway, Akron, OH 44317, USA.

Journal of Electron Microscopy
|December 1, 2007
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized polymeric nanoparticles with hard cores and soft shells. Chain-like nanoparticles exhibited complex conformations, aligning with self-avoiding coil models in 3D but challenging existing theories in 2D dense states.

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Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
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Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles
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Optical Trapping of Nanoparticles
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Developing synthesis processes for polymeric nanoparticles is of significant academic and industrial interest.
  • Block macromolecules in solutions offer a route to create nanoparticles with distinct core-shell structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prepare polymeric nanoparticles with a hard core and soft shell using nanoassembly concepts.
  • To investigate the influence of composition, molecular weight, and concentration on nanoparticle morphology.
  • To study the conformational behavior of chain-like nanoparticles in different states.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized nanoassembly of block macromolecules in solutions.
  • Controlled variations in polymer composition, molecular weight, and solute concentration.
  • Microscopic analysis to observe nanoparticle morphology and conformation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully produced spherical, ellipsoidal, cylindrical, and chain-like nanoparticles.
  • Chain-like nanoparticles displayed rich conformational features in both diluted and dense states.
  • Observed conformations in 3D diluted states agreed with the self-avoiding coil model.
  • Observed conformations in 2D dense states contradicted the segregated globule model.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates a versatile method for synthesizing various polymeric nanoparticle shapes.
  • Nanochain conformations provide new insights into polymer behavior at the nanoscale.
  • Findings challenge existing theoretical models for polymer chain organization in 2D dense systems.